Measurement and prediction of pressure drop in two-phase flow

Experimental data for air–water two-phase co-current flow in two different pipe diameters were used to test the prediction of pressure drop by a number of existing theories and correlations. Several models are shown to be useful for prediction, particularly with the stratified regimes which have proved difficult to handle in the past. The model suggested by Olujic proved to be of particular value.     

The use of 15N-labeled dietary proteins for determining true ileal amino acid digestibilities is limited by their rapid recycling in the endogenous secretions of pigs

We assessed the use of 15N-labeled dietary proteins as a possible tool for the determination of the true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in pigs. The first experiment was designed to study the dietary N excretion pattern at the ileum subsequent to the ingestion of a single 15N-labeled meal. In a second experiment, we compared ileal endogenous AA outputs and true AA digestibility estimates obtained in pigs ingesting 15N-labeled dietary proteins in a single meal vs. intravenous infusion of [15N]leucine for 10 d during the ingestion of a pea-based diet and a protein-free starch diet. The proportion of endogenous N found in the ileal digesta differed when the label was delivered orally (50%) vs. intravenously (72%) and changed with time. As a consequence, the true ileal AA digestibilities measured with labeled diets were lower. A third experiment demonstrated that this was due to the rapid recycling of labeled dietary N in endogenous moieties, because 15N was found in blood within 10 min of consuming the labeled meal, within 50 min of consumption in pancreatic enzymes, 90 min in bile and 4 h in ileal mucins. We conclude that the use of 15N-labeled meals for determination of true ileal AA digestibilities is limited by the fast recycling of dietary N in endogenous secretions following a single 15N-labeled meal. The accuracy of results will depend on meaningful estimates of AA flow during a limited period and accurate estimates of 15N in AA.     

Sintering high performance semicrystalline polymeric powders

Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is high performance semicrystalline thermoplastic with a glass transition temperature of 143°C. The melting point (Tm) is quoted as 334°C. Because of its high thermal transitions, PEEK, requires high temperatures for processing, at least 370–400°C. It has been determined that under the recommended processing conditions PEEK can undergo branching and eventually crosslinks. An alternative to melt processing PEEK is to apply the powder metallurgy technique of sintering. This involves cold (room temperature) compaction of the polymeric powder, followed by pressure free sintering of the resultant green body. We have reported a process for preparing submicron PEEK particles, and the focus here is on the free sintering of these particles with emphsis on the effects of particle size, sintering temperature, and compaction pressure. The data is evaluated using the two particle model developed by Frenkel as well as the crack healing theory developed by Wool.     

Isothermic growth of one spherulite around circular obstacles in a polypropylene foil

Growth of one spherulite within a thin foil of polypropylene around one circular obstacle or around combinations of circular obstacles is investigated. For each obstacle there exists a region of shadow, seen from the nucleus of the spherulite, which influences the growth of the spherulite. Within any region of shadow the growth fronts are evolvents of the obstacle's boundary, because the spherulite grows isotropically. When two growth fronts belonging to one spherulite meet each other inside the shadow, an intrinsic grain boundary is formed for each obstacle. Additionally, growth of one spherulite around a rectangular obstacle and a spherical obstacle is investigated.     

Transient and dynamic average-value modeling of synchronous machinefed load-commutated converters

A new average-value model of a synchronous machine fed load-commutated converter is set forth in which the stator dynamics are combined with the DC link dynamics. This model is shown to he extremely accurate in predicting system transients and in predicting frequency-domain characteristics such as the impedance looking into the synchronous machine fed load-commutated converter. The model is verified against a detailed computer simulation and against a hardware test system, thus providing a three-way comparison. The proposed model is shown to be much more accurate than models in which the stator dynamics are neglected     

The use of force modulation microscopy to investigate block copolymer morphology

Force modulation microscopy (FMM) is used to characterize the external surface and internal fracture surface morphologies of three different block copolymer samples. A roll-cast poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) triblock copolymer film, spin-coated poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) thin films, and an ultrathin poly(styrene-b-hexyl isocyanate) rod-coil block copolymer film were investigated. For each sample, height and elasticity images were obtained for the same areas allowing direct comparison. The elasticity images obtained using force modulation microscopy were independent of surface roughness and found to exhibit better contrast and spatial resolution of the respective block copolymer domains than the height images. The lateral resolution of the elasticity images was sufficient to show microphase separated domains having length scales as small as about 10 nm. The poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) samples demonstrate that FMM can even be successfully used to study block copolymers in which both blocks are glassy under the conditions of measurement.     

Optical properties of evaporated Ge20Se80−x Tl x thin films

Chalcogenide glasses with composition Ge₂₀Se_80–x Tl _x (x=10, 15, 20, 25, 35%) have been prepared by the usual melt-quenching technique. Thin films of the mentioned compositions have been prepared by the electron beam evaporation. In addition, another set taken from the composition ofX=30 at % with different thicknesses (d=14.7, 30.0, 56.5, 70.0, 101.0, 180.0 nm) have been taken into consideration. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the prepared films. It was found that, in contrast to the optical gap (E _op), both the extent of the band tailing (B), and the band gap (E _e) increase with increasing thallium content. In other side,E _op showed thickness independency. The refractive index (n) showed obvious dependence on both composition and thickness also on the energy of the incident radiation.     

Analysis of composite laminates with transverse cracks

The analysis of the behaviour of composite laminates with general balanced lay-up sequences and containing distributed transverse cracks is discussed and demonstrated in this paper. It is shown that a constitutive model of damage for composites, which has been successfully used to analyse the effects of uniformly distributed transverse cracks in cross-ply laminates, can be readily extended to the analysis of uniformly distributed transverse cracks in more general symmetric laminates. The further extension of the theory to non-uniformly distributed damage can be achieved by finite element analysis. It is shown that the finite element implementation of the theory is particularly simple since the contribution of the damage to the overall behaviour can be incorporated into the force vectors.     

Albert Hoyt Taylor [Scanning the past]

Presents a short biography of A. Hoyt Taylor and discusses his work in the fields of concealed radio receiving systems, radar, radio wave propagation and antennas     

A single-chip 12.7 Mchips/s digital IF BPSK direct sequencespread-spectrum transceiver in 1.2 μm CMOS

This paper describes a fully integrated digital-spread spectrum transceiver chip fabricated through MOSIS in 1.2 μm CMOS. It includes a baseband spread spectrum transmitter and a coherent intermediate frequency (IF) receiver consisting of a Costas loop, an acquisition loop for the pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, and a clock recovery loop with a 406.4 MHz onchip numerically controlled oscillator (NCO). The transceiver is capable of operating at a maximum IF sampling rate of 50.8 MS/s and a maximum chip rate of 12.7 R Mchips/s (Mcps) with selectable data rates of 100, 200, 400, and 800 kbps. At the maximum operating speed of 50.8 R MS/s, it dissipates 1.1 W. In an additive white Gaussian noise channel the IF receiver achieves a receiver output SNR within 1 dB of theory and can acquire code with a wide range of input SNR from -17 dB to over 30 dB. The transceiver chip has been interfaced to an RF up/down converter to demonstrate a wireless voice/data/video link operating in the 902-928 MHz band